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Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks joint linings (synovium), causing painful, warm, swollen, and stiff joints, particularly in the hands and feet symmetrically. It typically progresses through four stages—synovitis, pannus formation, fibrous ankylosis, and bony ankylosis—resulting in deformity if untreated.

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Gout is a painfulinflammatory arthritis caused by hyperuricemia (excess uric acid), forming needle-like crystals in joints. It causes sudden, intense pain, redness, and swelling, most commonly in the big toe. Key risk factors include diet (high purines/alcohol), obesity, and certain medications. Management involves medication (NSAIDscolchicine, steroids) and lifestyle changes.

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Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic autoimmune disease causing joint pain, stiffness, swelling, and skin psoriasis, affecting about 30% of people with psoriasis. It often involves sausage-like swelling of fingers/toes (dactylitis), nail changes, and fatigue. While no cure exists, early treatment with DMARDs or biologics can prevent permanent joint damage.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease, causing pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility when protective cartilage wears down. It primarily affects the knees, hips, hands, and spine. Management focuses on symptom relief through lifestyle changes (weight loss, exercise), medication (NSAIDs), and, in severe cases, joint replacement.

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Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory arthritis primarily affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints, causing severe pain, stiffness, and potential spinal fusion. It often begins in early adulthood, with symptoms typically improving with activity and worsening at night or after rest. Treatments focus on reducing pain and preventing disability using medications like NSAIDs, biologics, and physical therapy

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Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common form of chronic arthritis in children aged 16 or younger, causing persistent joint inflammation, pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility for at least six weeks. It is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks joint linings, with symptoms potentially including fever, rash, and fatigue. Treatment, focusing on controlling inflammation and preventing long-term damage, involves medications like NSAIDs, DMARDs, and biologics, along with physical therapy.

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